library

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:heavy_check_mark: template/out.hpp

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Code

#pragma once

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include "macros.hpp"
#include "alias.hpp"
#include "type_traits.hpp"

struct NumberToString {
    char buf[10000][4];
    constexpr NumberToString() : buf{} {
        rep (i, 10000) {
            int n = i;
            rrep (j, 4) {
                buf[i][j] = (char)('0' + n % 10);
                n /= 10;
            }
        }
    }
} constexpr precalc_number_to_string;

template<std::size_t buf_size = IO_BUFFER_SIZE, bool debug = false>
class Printer {
private:
    template<class, bool = debug, class = void>
    struct has_print : std::false_type {};
    template<class T>
    struct has_print<T, false,
                     decltype(std::declval<T>().print(std::declval<Printer&>()),
                              (void)0)> : std::true_type {};
    template<class T>
    struct has_print<T, true,
                     decltype(std::declval<T>().debug(std::declval<Printer&>()),
                              (void)0)> : std::true_type {};
    int fd;
    std::size_t idx;
    std::array<char, buf_size> buffer;

    std::size_t decimal_precision;

public:
    inline void print_char(char c) {
#if SHIO_LOCAL
        buffer[idx++] = c;
        if (idx == buf_size) flush();
#else
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (!debug) {
            buffer[idx++] = c;
            if (idx == buf_size) flush();
        }
#endif
    }
    inline void flush() {
        idx = write(fd, buffer.begin(), idx);
        idx = 0;
    }

    Printer(int fd) : fd(fd), idx(0), decimal_precision(16) {}
    Printer(FILE* fp) : fd(fileno(fp)), idx(0), decimal_precision(16) {}
    ~Printer() { flush(); }

    void set_decimal_precision(std::size_t decimal_precision) {
        this->decimal_precision = decimal_precision;
    }

    void print(char c) {
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char('\'');
        print_char(c);
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char('\'');
    }
    void print(bool b) { print_char((char)(b + '0')); }
    void print(const char* a) {
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char('"');
        for (; *a != '\0'; ++a) print_char(*a);
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char('"');
    }
    template<std::size_t len> void print(const char (&a)[len]) {
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char('"');
        for (auto i : a) print_char(i);
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char('"');
    }
    void print(const std::string& a) {
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char('"');
        for (auto i : a) print_char(i);
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char('"');
    }
    template<std::size_t len> void print(const std::bitset<len>& a) {
        rrep (i, len) print_char((char)(a[i] + '0'));
    }
    template<class T,
             typename std::enable_if<is_int<T>::value &&
                                     !has_print<T>::value>::type* = nullptr>
    void print(T a) {
        if (!a) {
            print_char('0');
            return;
        }
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (is_signed_int<T>::value) {
            if (a < 0) {
                print_char('-');
                using U = typename make_unsigned_int<T>::type;
                print(static_cast<U>(-static_cast<U>(a)));
                return;
            }
        }
        if (idx + 40 >= buf_size) flush();
        static char s[40];
        int t = 40;
        while (a >= 10000) {
            int i = a % 10000;
            a /= 10000;
            t -= 4;
            std::memcpy(s + t, precalc_number_to_string.buf[i], 4);
        }
        if (a >= 1000) {
            std::memcpy(buffer.begin() + idx, precalc_number_to_string.buf[a],
                        4);
            idx += 4;
        }
        else if (a >= 100) {
            std::memcpy(buffer.begin() + idx,
                        precalc_number_to_string.buf[a] + 1, 3);
            idx += 3;
        }
        else if (a >= 10) {
            std::memcpy(buffer.begin() + idx,
                        precalc_number_to_string.buf[a] + 2, 2);
            idx += 2;
        }
        else {
            buffer[idx++] = '0' | a;
        }
        std::memcpy(buffer.begin() + idx, s + t, 40 - t);
        idx += 40 - t;
    }
    template<class T,
             typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<T>::value &&
                                     !has_print<T>::value>::type* = nullptr>
    void print(T a) {
        if (a == std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity()) {
            print("inf");
            return;
        }
        if (a == -std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity()) {
            print("-inf");
            return;
        }
        if (std::isnan(a)) {
            print("nan");
            return;
        }
        if (a < 0) {
            print_char('-');
            a = -a;
        }
        T b = a;
        if (b < 1) {
            print_char('0');
        }
        else {
            std::string s;
            while (b >= 1) {
                s += (char)('0' + (int)std::fmod(b, 10.0));
                b /= 10;
            }
            for (auto i = s.rbegin(); i != s.rend(); ++i) print_char(*i);
        }
        print_char('.');
        rep (decimal_precision) {
            a *= 10;
            print_char((char)('0' + (int)std::fmod(a, 10.0)));
        }
    }

private:
    template<std::size_t i, class... Args>
    void print(const std::tuple<Args...>& a) {
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (i < sizeof...(Args)) {
            if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char(',');
            print_char(' ');
            print(std::get<i>(a));
            print<i + 1, Args...>(a);
        }
    }

public:
    template<class... Args> void print(const std::tuple<Args...>& a) {
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char('(');
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (sizeof...(Args) != 0) print(std::get<0>(a));
        print<1, Args...>(a);
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char(')');
    }
    template<class T, class U> void print(const std::pair<T, U>& a) {
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char('(');
        print(a.first);
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char(',');
        print_char(' ');
        print(a.second);
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char(')');
    }
    template<class T,
             typename std::enable_if<is_range<T>::value &&
                                     !has_print<T>::value>::type* = nullptr>
    void print(const T& a) {
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char('{');
        for (auto i = std::begin(a); i != std::end(a); ++i) {
            if (i != std::begin(a)) {
                if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char(',');
                print_char(' ');
            }
            print(*i);
        }
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char('}');
    }
    template<class T, typename std::enable_if<has_print<T>::value &&
                                              !debug>::type* = nullptr>
    void print(const T& a) {
        a.print(*this);
    }
    template<class T, typename std::enable_if<has_print<T>::value &&
                                              debug>::type* = nullptr>
    void print(const T& a) {
        a.debug(*this);
    }

    void operator()() {}
    template<class Head, class... Args>
    void operator()(const Head& head, const Args&... args) {
        print(head);
        operator()(args...);
    }

    template<class T> Printer& operator<<(const T& a) {
        print(a);
        return *this;
    }

    Printer& operator<<(Printer& (*pf)(Printer&)) { return pf(*this); }
};

template<std::size_t buf_size, bool debug>
Printer<buf_size, debug>& endl(Printer<buf_size, debug>& pr) {
    pr.print_char('\n');
    pr.flush();
    return pr;
}
template<std::size_t buf_size, bool debug>
Printer<buf_size, debug>& flush(Printer<buf_size, debug>& pr) {
    pr.flush();
    return pr;
}

struct SetPrec {
    int n;
    template<class Pr> void print(Pr& pr) const { pr.set_decimal_precision(n); }
    template<class Pr> void debug(Pr& pr) const { pr.set_decimal_precision(n); }
};
SetPrec setprec(int n) { return SetPrec{n}; };

Printer<> print(1), eprint(2);

void prints() { print.print_char('\n'); }

template<class T> auto prints(const T& v) -> decltype(print << v, (void)0) {
    print << v;
    print.print_char('\n');
}

template<class Head, class... Tail>
auto prints(const Head& head, const Tail&... tail)
    -> decltype(print << head, (void)0) {
    print << head;
    print.print_char(' ');
    prints(tail...);
}

Printer<IO_BUFFER_SIZE, true> debug(1), edebug(2);

void debugs() { debug.print_char('\n'); }

template<class T> auto debugs(const T& v) -> decltype(debug << v, (void)0) {
    debug << v;
    debug.print_char('\n');
}

template<class Head, class... Tail>
auto debugs(const Head& head, const Tail&... tail)
    -> decltype(debug << head, (void)0) {
    debug << head;
    debug.print_char(' ');
    debugs(tail...);
}
#line 2 "template/out.hpp"

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#line 2 "template/macros.hpp"

#line 4 "template/macros.hpp"

#ifndef __COUNTER__
#define __COUNTER__ __LINE__
#endif

#define OVERLOAD5(a, b, c, d, e, ...) e
#define REP1_0(b, c) REP1_1(b, c)
#define REP1_1(b, c)                                                           \
    for (ll REP_COUNTER_##c = 0; REP_COUNTER_##c < (ll)(b); ++REP_COUNTER_##c)
#define REP1(b) REP1_0(b, __COUNTER__)
#define REP2(i, b) for (ll i = 0; i < (ll)(b); ++i)
#define REP3(i, a, b) for (ll i = (ll)(a); i < (ll)(b); ++i)
#define REP4(i, a, b, c) for (ll i = (ll)(a); i < (ll)(b); i += (ll)(c))
#define rep(...) OVERLOAD5(__VA_ARGS__, REP4, REP3, REP2, REP1)(__VA_ARGS__)
#define RREP2(i, a) for (ll i = (ll)(a)-1; i >= 0; --i)
#define RREP3(i, a, b) for (ll i = (ll)(a)-1; i >= (ll)(b); --i)
#define RREP4(i, a, b, c) for (ll i = (ll)(a)-1; i >= (ll)(b); i -= (ll)(c))
#define rrep(...) OVERLOAD5(__VA_ARGS__, RREP4, RREP3, RREP2)(__VA_ARGS__)
#define REPS2(i, b) for (ll i = 1; i <= (ll)(b); ++i)
#define REPS3(i, a, b) for (ll i = (ll)(a) + 1; i <= (ll)(b); ++i)
#define REPS4(i, a, b, c) for (ll i = (ll)(a) + 1; i <= (ll)(b); i += (ll)(c))
#define reps(...) OVERLOAD5(__VA_ARGS__, REPS4, REPS3, REPS2)(__VA_ARGS__)
#define RREPS2(i, a) for (ll i = (ll)(a); i > 0; --i)
#define RREPS3(i, a, b) for (ll i = (ll)(a); i > (ll)(b); --i)
#define RREPS4(i, a, b, c) for (ll i = (ll)(a); i > (ll)(b); i -= (ll)(c))
#define rreps(...) OVERLOAD5(__VA_ARGS__, RREPS4, RREPS3, RREPS2)(__VA_ARGS__)

#define each_for(...) for (auto&& __VA_ARGS__)
#define each_const(...) for (const auto& __VA_ARGS__)

#define all(v) std::begin(v), std::end(v)
#define rall(v) std::rbegin(v), std::rend(v)

#if __cpp_if_constexpr >= 201606L
#define IF_CONSTEXPR constexpr
#else
#define IF_CONSTEXPR
#endif

#define IO_BUFFER_SIZE (1 << 17)
#line 2 "template/alias.hpp"

#line 4 "template/alias.hpp"

using ll = long long;
using uint = unsigned int;
using ull = unsigned long long;
using i128 = __int128_t;
using u128 = __uint128_t;
using ld = long double;
using PLL = std::pair<ll, ll>;
template<class T>
using prique = std::priority_queue<T, std::vector<T>, std::greater<T>>;

template<class T> struct infinity {
    static constexpr T value = std::numeric_limits<T>::max() / 2;
    static constexpr T mvalue = std::numeric_limits<T>::lowest() / 2;
    static constexpr T max = std::numeric_limits<T>::max();
    static constexpr T min = std::numeric_limits<T>::lowest();
};

#if __cplusplus <= 201402L
template<class T> constexpr T infinity<T>::value;
template<class T> constexpr T infinity<T>::mvalue;
template<class T> constexpr T infinity<T>::max;
template<class T> constexpr T infinity<T>::min;
#endif

#if __cpp_variable_templates >= 201304L
template<class T> constexpr T INF = infinity<T>::value;
#endif

constexpr ll inf = infinity<ll>::value;
constexpr ld EPS = 1e-8;
constexpr ld PI = 3.1415926535897932384626;
#line 2 "template/type_traits.hpp"

#line 5 "template/type_traits.hpp"

template<class T, class... Args> struct function_traits_impl {
    using result_type = T;
    template<std::size_t idx>
    using argument_type =
        typename std::tuple_element<idx, std::tuple<Args...>>::type;
    using argument_tuple = std::tuple<Args...>;
    static constexpr std::size_t arg_size() { return sizeof...(Args); }
};

template<class> struct function_traits_helper;

template<class Res, class Tp, class... Args>
struct function_traits_helper<Res (Tp::*)(Args...)> {
    using type = function_traits_impl<Res, Args...>;
};
template<class Res, class Tp, class... Args>
struct function_traits_helper<Res (Tp::*)(Args...)&> {
    using type = function_traits_impl<Res, Args...>;
};
template<class Res, class Tp, class... Args>
struct function_traits_helper<Res (Tp::*)(Args...) const> {
    using type = function_traits_impl<Res, Args...>;
};
template<class Res, class Tp, class... Args>
struct function_traits_helper<Res (Tp::*)(Args...) const&> {
    using type = function_traits_impl<Res, Args...>;
};

#if __cpp_noexcept_function_type >= 201510L
template<class Res, class Tp, class... Args>
struct function_traits_helper<Res (Tp::*)(Args...) noexcept> {
    using type = function_traits_impl<Res, Args...>;
};
template<class Res, class Tp, class... Args>
struct function_traits_helper<Res (Tp::*)(Args...)& noexcept> {
    using type = function_traits_impl<Res, Args...>;
};
template<class Res, class Tp, class... Args>
struct function_traits_helper<Res (Tp::*)(Args...) const noexcept> {
    using type = function_traits_impl<Res, Args...>;
};
template<class Res, class Tp, class... Args>
struct function_traits_helper<Res (Tp::*)(Args...) const& noexcept> {
    using type = function_traits_impl<Res, Args...>;
};
#endif

template<class F>
using function_traits = typename function_traits_helper<
    decltype(&std::remove_reference<F>::type::operator())>::type;

template<class F>
using function_result_type = typename function_traits<F>::result_type;
template<class F, std::size_t idx>
using function_argument_type =
    typename function_traits<F>::template argument_type<idx>;
template<class F>
using function_argument_tuple = typename function_traits<F>::argument_tuple;

template<class T>
using is_signed_int =
    std::integral_constant<bool, (std::is_integral<T>::value &&
                                  std::is_signed<T>::value) ||
                                     std::is_same<T, i128>::value>;
template<class T>
using is_unsigned_int =
    std::integral_constant<bool, (std::is_integral<T>::value &&
                                  std::is_unsigned<T>::value) ||
                                     std::is_same<T, u128>::value>;
template<class T>
using is_int = std::integral_constant<bool, is_signed_int<T>::value ||
                                                is_unsigned_int<T>::value>;
template<class T>
using make_signed_int = typename std::conditional<
    std::is_same<T, i128>::value || std::is_same<T, u128>::value,
    std::common_type<i128>, std::make_signed<T>>::type;
template<class T>
using make_unsigned_int = typename std::conditional<
    std::is_same<T, i128>::value || std::is_same<T, u128>::value,
    std::common_type<u128>, std::make_unsigned<T>>::type;


template<class T, class = void> struct is_range : std::false_type {};
template<class T>
struct is_range<
    T,
    decltype(all(std::declval<typename std::add_lvalue_reference<T>::type>()),
             (void)0)> : std::true_type {};

template<class T, bool = is_range<T>::value>
struct range_rank : std::integral_constant<std::size_t, 0> {};
template<class T>
struct range_rank<T, true>
    : std::integral_constant<std::size_t,
                             range_rank<typename T::value_type>::value + 1> {};

template<std::size_t size> struct int_least {
    static_assert(size <= 128, "size must be less than or equal to 128");

    using type = typename std::conditional<
        size <= 8, std::int_least8_t,
        typename std::conditional<
            size <= 16, std::int_least16_t,
            typename std::conditional<
                size <= 32, std::int_least32_t,
                typename std::conditional<size <= 64, std::int_least64_t,
                                          i128>::type>::type>::type>::type;
};

template<std::size_t size> using int_least_t = typename int_least<size>::type;

template<std::size_t size> struct uint_least {
    static_assert(size <= 128, "size must be less than or equal to 128");

    using type = typename std::conditional<
        size <= 8, std::uint_least8_t,
        typename std::conditional<
            size <= 16, std::uint_least16_t,
            typename std::conditional<
                size <= 32, std::uint_least32_t,
                typename std::conditional<size <= 64, std::uint_least64_t,
                                          u128>::type>::type>::type>::type;
};

template<std::size_t size> using uint_least_t = typename uint_least<size>::type;

template<class T>
using double_size_int = int_least<std::numeric_limits<T>::digits * 2 + 1>;
template<class T> using double_size_int_t = typename double_size_int<T>::type;
template<class T>
using double_size_uint = uint_least<std::numeric_limits<T>::digits * 2>;
template<class T> using double_size_uint_t = typename double_size_uint<T>::type;

template<class T>
using double_size =
    typename std::conditional<is_signed_int<T>::value, double_size_int<T>,
                              double_size_uint<T>>::type;
template<class T> using double_size_t = typename double_size<T>::type;
#line 8 "template/out.hpp"

struct NumberToString {
    char buf[10000][4];
    constexpr NumberToString() : buf{} {
        rep (i, 10000) {
            int n = i;
            rrep (j, 4) {
                buf[i][j] = (char)('0' + n % 10);
                n /= 10;
            }
        }
    }
} constexpr precalc_number_to_string;

template<std::size_t buf_size = IO_BUFFER_SIZE, bool debug = false>
class Printer {
private:
    template<class, bool = debug, class = void>
    struct has_print : std::false_type {};
    template<class T>
    struct has_print<T, false,
                     decltype(std::declval<T>().print(std::declval<Printer&>()),
                              (void)0)> : std::true_type {};
    template<class T>
    struct has_print<T, true,
                     decltype(std::declval<T>().debug(std::declval<Printer&>()),
                              (void)0)> : std::true_type {};
    int fd;
    std::size_t idx;
    std::array<char, buf_size> buffer;

    std::size_t decimal_precision;

public:
    inline void print_char(char c) {
#if SHIO_LOCAL
        buffer[idx++] = c;
        if (idx == buf_size) flush();
#else
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (!debug) {
            buffer[idx++] = c;
            if (idx == buf_size) flush();
        }
#endif
    }
    inline void flush() {
        idx = write(fd, buffer.begin(), idx);
        idx = 0;
    }

    Printer(int fd) : fd(fd), idx(0), decimal_precision(16) {}
    Printer(FILE* fp) : fd(fileno(fp)), idx(0), decimal_precision(16) {}
    ~Printer() { flush(); }

    void set_decimal_precision(std::size_t decimal_precision) {
        this->decimal_precision = decimal_precision;
    }

    void print(char c) {
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char('\'');
        print_char(c);
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char('\'');
    }
    void print(bool b) { print_char((char)(b + '0')); }
    void print(const char* a) {
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char('"');
        for (; *a != '\0'; ++a) print_char(*a);
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char('"');
    }
    template<std::size_t len> void print(const char (&a)[len]) {
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char('"');
        for (auto i : a) print_char(i);
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char('"');
    }
    void print(const std::string& a) {
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char('"');
        for (auto i : a) print_char(i);
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char('"');
    }
    template<std::size_t len> void print(const std::bitset<len>& a) {
        rrep (i, len) print_char((char)(a[i] + '0'));
    }
    template<class T,
             typename std::enable_if<is_int<T>::value &&
                                     !has_print<T>::value>::type* = nullptr>
    void print(T a) {
        if (!a) {
            print_char('0');
            return;
        }
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (is_signed_int<T>::value) {
            if (a < 0) {
                print_char('-');
                using U = typename make_unsigned_int<T>::type;
                print(static_cast<U>(-static_cast<U>(a)));
                return;
            }
        }
        if (idx + 40 >= buf_size) flush();
        static char s[40];
        int t = 40;
        while (a >= 10000) {
            int i = a % 10000;
            a /= 10000;
            t -= 4;
            std::memcpy(s + t, precalc_number_to_string.buf[i], 4);
        }
        if (a >= 1000) {
            std::memcpy(buffer.begin() + idx, precalc_number_to_string.buf[a],
                        4);
            idx += 4;
        }
        else if (a >= 100) {
            std::memcpy(buffer.begin() + idx,
                        precalc_number_to_string.buf[a] + 1, 3);
            idx += 3;
        }
        else if (a >= 10) {
            std::memcpy(buffer.begin() + idx,
                        precalc_number_to_string.buf[a] + 2, 2);
            idx += 2;
        }
        else {
            buffer[idx++] = '0' | a;
        }
        std::memcpy(buffer.begin() + idx, s + t, 40 - t);
        idx += 40 - t;
    }
    template<class T,
             typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<T>::value &&
                                     !has_print<T>::value>::type* = nullptr>
    void print(T a) {
        if (a == std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity()) {
            print("inf");
            return;
        }
        if (a == -std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity()) {
            print("-inf");
            return;
        }
        if (std::isnan(a)) {
            print("nan");
            return;
        }
        if (a < 0) {
            print_char('-');
            a = -a;
        }
        T b = a;
        if (b < 1) {
            print_char('0');
        }
        else {
            std::string s;
            while (b >= 1) {
                s += (char)('0' + (int)std::fmod(b, 10.0));
                b /= 10;
            }
            for (auto i = s.rbegin(); i != s.rend(); ++i) print_char(*i);
        }
        print_char('.');
        rep (decimal_precision) {
            a *= 10;
            print_char((char)('0' + (int)std::fmod(a, 10.0)));
        }
    }

private:
    template<std::size_t i, class... Args>
    void print(const std::tuple<Args...>& a) {
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (i < sizeof...(Args)) {
            if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char(',');
            print_char(' ');
            print(std::get<i>(a));
            print<i + 1, Args...>(a);
        }
    }

public:
    template<class... Args> void print(const std::tuple<Args...>& a) {
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char('(');
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (sizeof...(Args) != 0) print(std::get<0>(a));
        print<1, Args...>(a);
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char(')');
    }
    template<class T, class U> void print(const std::pair<T, U>& a) {
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char('(');
        print(a.first);
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char(',');
        print_char(' ');
        print(a.second);
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char(')');
    }
    template<class T,
             typename std::enable_if<is_range<T>::value &&
                                     !has_print<T>::value>::type* = nullptr>
    void print(const T& a) {
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char('{');
        for (auto i = std::begin(a); i != std::end(a); ++i) {
            if (i != std::begin(a)) {
                if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char(',');
                print_char(' ');
            }
            print(*i);
        }
        if IF_CONSTEXPR (debug) print_char('}');
    }
    template<class T, typename std::enable_if<has_print<T>::value &&
                                              !debug>::type* = nullptr>
    void print(const T& a) {
        a.print(*this);
    }
    template<class T, typename std::enable_if<has_print<T>::value &&
                                              debug>::type* = nullptr>
    void print(const T& a) {
        a.debug(*this);
    }

    void operator()() {}
    template<class Head, class... Args>
    void operator()(const Head& head, const Args&... args) {
        print(head);
        operator()(args...);
    }

    template<class T> Printer& operator<<(const T& a) {
        print(a);
        return *this;
    }

    Printer& operator<<(Printer& (*pf)(Printer&)) { return pf(*this); }
};

template<std::size_t buf_size, bool debug>
Printer<buf_size, debug>& endl(Printer<buf_size, debug>& pr) {
    pr.print_char('\n');
    pr.flush();
    return pr;
}
template<std::size_t buf_size, bool debug>
Printer<buf_size, debug>& flush(Printer<buf_size, debug>& pr) {
    pr.flush();
    return pr;
}

struct SetPrec {
    int n;
    template<class Pr> void print(Pr& pr) const { pr.set_decimal_precision(n); }
    template<class Pr> void debug(Pr& pr) const { pr.set_decimal_precision(n); }
};
SetPrec setprec(int n) { return SetPrec{n}; };

Printer<> print(1), eprint(2);

void prints() { print.print_char('\n'); }

template<class T> auto prints(const T& v) -> decltype(print << v, (void)0) {
    print << v;
    print.print_char('\n');
}

template<class Head, class... Tail>
auto prints(const Head& head, const Tail&... tail)
    -> decltype(print << head, (void)0) {
    print << head;
    print.print_char(' ');
    prints(tail...);
}

Printer<IO_BUFFER_SIZE, true> debug(1), edebug(2);

void debugs() { debug.print_char('\n'); }

template<class T> auto debugs(const T& v) -> decltype(debug << v, (void)0) {
    debug << v;
    debug.print_char('\n');
}

template<class Head, class... Tail>
auto debugs(const Head& head, const Tail&... tail)
    -> decltype(debug << head, (void)0) {
    debug << head;
    debug.print_char(' ');
    debugs(tail...);
}
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